![]() ![]() As the war carried on and German and Japanese actions in 1941 led to the entry of the Soviet Union and United States, respectively, into the war, the Italian plan of forcing Britain to agree to a negotiated peace settlement was foiled. However, the British counterattacked, eventually necessitating German support to prevent an Italian collapse in North Africa. ![]() The Italians bombed Mandatory Palestine, invaded Egypt and occupied British Somaliland with initial success. Italy joined the war as one of the Axis Powers in 1940, as the French Third Republic surrendered, with a plan to concentrate Italian forces on a major offensive against the British Empire in Africa and the Middle East, known as the "parallel war", while expecting the collapse of British forces in the European theatre. The participation of Italy in the Second World War was characterized by a complex framework of ideology, politics, and diplomacy, while its military actions were often heavily influenced by external factors. ![]()
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![]() ![]() a suite of operators for calculations on arrays, in particular matrices,.an effective data handling and storage facility,. ![]() R is an integrated suite of software facilities for data manipulation, calculation and graphical display. It compiles and runs on a wide variety of UNIX platforms and similar systems (including FreeBSD and Linux), Windows and MacOS. R is available as Free Software under the terms of the Free Software Foundation’s GNU General Public License in source code form. Great care has been taken over the defaults for the minor design choices in graphics, but the user retains full control. One of R’s strengths is the ease with which well-designed publication-quality plots can be produced, including mathematical symbols and formulae where needed. The S language is often the vehicle of choice for research in statistical methodology, and R provides an Open Source route to participation in that activity. R provides a wide variety of statistical (linear and nonlinear modelling, classical statistical tests, time-series analysis, classification, clustering, …) and graphical techniques, and is highly extensible. There are some important differences, but much code written for S runs unaltered under R. R can be considered as a different implementation of S. It is a GNU project which is similar to the S language and environment which was developed at Bell Laboratories (formerly AT&T, now Lucent Technologies) by John Chambers and colleagues. R is a language and environment for statistical computing and graphics. ![]() |
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